January 31 historical events
1208 — Battle of Lena
The Battle of Lena occurred on January 31, 1208, and probably took place near Kungslena (58°14′N 13°50′E / 58.233°N 13.833°E), which is located in the Tidaholm Municipality in Västergötland, Sweden. It was an important battle between the Danish-backed former Swedish King Sverker II of Sweden and Prince Eric. Danish King Valdemar the Victorious provided Sverker with a large army; medieval sources estimate the size of the force at 12,000 to 18,000. The defending Swedish force numbered between 7,000 and 10,000, and were additionally backed up by a small number of Norwegian auxiliaries. The Swedes won, according to legend aided by Odin, and Sverker fled to Denmark.
Sweden · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1578 — Battle of Gembloux (1578)
The Battle of Gembloux took place at Gembloux, near Namur, Low Countries, between the Spanish forces led by Don John of Austria (Spanish: Don Juan de Austria), Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands, and a rebel army composed by Dutch, Flemish, English, Scottish, German, French and Walloon soldiers under Antoine de Goignies, during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). On January 31, 1578, the Spanish cavalry commanded by John's nephew, Don Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma (Italian: Alessandro Farnese, Spanish: Alejandro Farnesio), after pushing back the Dutch cavalry, attacked the Netherlandish army, causing an enormous panic amongst the rebel troops.
Belgium · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1748 — Action of 31 January 1748
The Action of 31 January 1748 was a minor naval battle of the War of Austrian Succession between two British Royal naval ships and a French naval ship of the line. The battle ended with the capture of the French ship of the line Le Magnanime. In January 1748, Le Magnanime left Brest for the East Indies. She was partially dismasted in a storm off the coast of Ushant and while limping back to Brest, she was spotted by a British fleet under Edward Hawke.
Ushant, France · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1779 — Action of 31 January 1779
The action of 31 January 1779 was a naval engagement that took place off the coast of Brittany during the American Revolutionary War between a Royal Navy frigate HMS Apollo and the French Navy frigate Oiseau. The action resulted in the British capture of the French vessel.
France · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1782 — 1782 South Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1782 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on January 31, 1782, in order to elect the Governor of South Carolina. Candidate and former Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives John Mathews was elected by the South Carolina General Assembly after their initial choice Christopher Gadsden declined to take the office. The exact number of votes cast in this election is unknown.
South Carolina, United States · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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1783 — 1783 South Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1783 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on January 31, 1783, in order to elect the Governor of South Carolina. Candidate and incumbent member of the South Carolina House of Representatives Benjamin Guerard was elected by the South Carolina General Assembly as he ran unopposed. The exact number of votes cast in this election is unknown.
South Carolina, United States · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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1866 — Battle of Pehuajó
The Battle of Pehuajó, also known as Battle of Corrales or Battle of Itati was fought during the Paraguayan War in January 31, 1866. Around 1,500 Paraguayan troops commanded by General Francisco Isidoro Resquín and Lieutenant Celestino Prieto engaged in a surprise attack against a couple of advanced Argentine and Uruguayan battalions with about 2,000 men led by General Emilio Conesa, under direct command of the president of Argentina, Bartolomé Mitre.
Corrientes Province, Argentina · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1891 — 31 January 1891 revolt
The 31 January 1891 revolt was the first attempt by republicans to overthrow the monarchy in Portugal. The revolt took place in the form of a military uprising in the country's second city of Porto.
Porto, Portugal · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1919 — Battle of George Square
The "Battle of George Square", also known as "Bloody Friday" and "Black Friday", was one of the most intense riots in the history of Glasgow; it took place on Friday, 31 January 1919. The dispute revolved around a campaign for shorter working hours, backed by widespread strike action. Clashes between the City of Glasgow Police and protesters broke out, prompting the Secretary of State for War Winston Churchill to order soldiers and tanks to the city to prevent the violence from escalating due to fears by the UK government of a Bolshevist uprising.
Scotland, United Kingdom · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1919 — Battle of Paju
The Battle of Paju (Estonian: Paju lahing) was fought in Paju, near Valga, Estonia, on 31 January 1919 during the Estonian War of Independence. After heavy fighting, the Tartu-Valga group of the Estonian Army pushed the Red Latvian Riflemen out of the Paju Manor. It was the fiercest battle in the early period of war. Estonian commander Julius Kuperjanov fell in the fighting.
Valga, Estonia, Estonia · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1920 — Ashton-under-Lyne by-election, 1920
The Ashton-under-Lyne by-election, 1920 was a by-election held on 31 January 1920 for the British House of Commons constituency of Ashton-under-Lyne. The by-election was triggered by the elevation to the peerage of the town's Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) Albert Stanley, who was ennobled as Baron Ashfield. The result was a victory for the Conservative candidate Sir Walter de Frece, who held the seat with a massively reduced majority. British Pathe has a newsreel clip of Sir Walter Frece campaigning in the by-election with his wife.
United Kingdom · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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1925 — 1925 Albanian presidential election
The 1925 Albanian presidential election marked the first presidential election held on 31 January 1925 in Albania, electing the first president of Albania. The incumbent prime minister Ahmet Zogu won the election in a vote conducted by the parliament of Albania. Zogu was sworn in for his first seven-year term on 1 February 1925. It marked the first and last presidential election before Zogu was proclaimed the King of Albania on 1 September 1928.
Albania · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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1941 — Attack on Convoy AN 14
The Attack on Convoy AN 14 was a naval engagement during World War II between a British naval force defending a convoy of merchant ships, which had departed from Port Said and Alexandria to Piraeus and two Italian torpedo boats who intercepted them north of Crete on 31 January 1941. The Italian vessels, Lupo and Libra, launched two torpedoes each. The torpedoes fired by Libra missed their target but one from Lupo hit and disabled for the rest of the war the 8,120 long tons (8,250 t) British tanker Desmoulea which had to be towed to Suda Bay in Crete and beached.
Kasos, Greece · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1942 — Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive
The Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive was a Red Army operation on the Eastern Front in the European Theatre of World War II; it took place between 18 and 31 January 1942. The Red Army advanced 90–100 kilometres (56–62 mi) and destroyed 3 German divisions (298th, 68 and 257th Infantry Divisions). According to Soviet data, Nazi Germany lost 25,000 soldiers. According to German sources, some 5,000 soldiers were lost.
Barvinkove, Ukraine · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1953 — North Sea flood of 1953
The 1953 North Sea flood (Dutch: Watersnoodramp, literally "flood disaster") was a major flood caused by a heavy storm that occurred on the night of Saturday, 31 January 1953 and morning of Sunday, 1 February 1953. The floods struck the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Scotland. A combination of a high spring tide and a severe European windstorm over the North Sea caused a storm tide; the combination of wind, high tide, and low pressure led to a water level of more than 5.6 metres (18.4 ft) above mean sea level in some locations. The flood and waves overwhelmed sea defences and caused extensive flooding.
United Kingdom · Netherlands · Disasters · Checked 2026-09-23
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1954 — 1954 Liechtenstein local elections
Local elections were held in Liechtenstein on 31 January 1954 to elect the municipal councils and the mayors of the eleven municipalities.
Liechtenstein · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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1960 — 1960 Liechtenstein local elections
Local elections were held in Liechtenstein on 31 January 1960 to elect the municipal councils and the mayors of the eleven municipalities.
Liechtenstein · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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1965 — 1965 Laotian coups
The 1965 Laotian coups were two separate coups that struck the Kingdom of Laos at the same time, on 31 January 1965. General Phoumi Nosavan, a participant in four prior coups, had been deprived of troop command as a result; nevertheless, he managed to come up with troops for another try at overthrowing the Royal Lao Government.
Vientiane, Laos · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1971 — Apollo 14
Apollo 14 was the eighth manned mission in the United States Apollo program, and the third to land on the Moon. It was the last of the "H missions," targeted landings with two-day stays on the Moon with two lunar EVAs, or moonwalks. Commander Alan Shepard, Command Module Pilot Stuart Roosa, and Lunar Module Pilot Edgar Mitchell launched on their nine-day mission on January 31, 1971 at 4:04:02 p.m. local time after a 40-minute, 2 second delay due to launch site weather restrictions, the first such delay in the Apollo program.
United States · Exploration · Checked 2026-09-23
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1987 — 8th Yokohama Film Festival
The 8th Yokohama Film Festival (第8回ヨコハマ映画祭) was held on 31 January 1987 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
Japan · Arts & culture · Checked 2026-09-23
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1988 — Super Bowl XXII
Super Bowl XXII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1987 season. The Redskins defeated the Broncos by the score of 42–10, winning their second Super Bowl. The game was played on January 31, 1988, at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, California, which was the first time that the Super Bowl was played there.
California, United States · San Diego, United States · Sport · Checked 2026-09-24
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1995 — Shoot Boxing World Tournament 1995
Shoot Boxing World Tournament 1995 or S-Cup 1995 was a shoot boxing event promoted by Caesar Takeshi. It was the inaugural (70kg/154lbs weight class) Shoot Boxing World Tournament, featuring an eight single elimination format, fought under Shoot Boxing Rules. In total there were eight fighters at the event, representing five countries. The tournament winner was Hiromu Yoshitaka who defeated Ron Belliveau in the final. The event was held at the Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium on Wednesday, 31 January 1995.
Osaka, Japan · Sport · Checked 2026-09-23
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1996 — Colombo Central Bank bombing
The Central Bank bombing was one of the deadliest terrorist attacks carried out by the LTTE during the Separatist civil war in Sri Lanka between the government and the Tamil Tigers.The attack took place on January 31, 1996, in the Sri Lankan city of Colombo. A truck (42-6452) containing about 440 pounds of high explosives crashed through the main gate of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, a seaside high-rise which managed most of the financial business of the country. As gunmen traded fire with security guards, the suicide bomber in the lorry detonated the massive bomb, which tore through the bank and damaged eight other buildings nearby .
Sri Lanka · War & conflict · Checked 2026-09-23
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1998 — Hostile City Showdown (1998)
Hostile City Showdown was the fifth Hostile City Showdown professional wrestling supercard produced by Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). It took place on January 31, 1998 in the ECW Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States. Excerpts from Hostile City Showdown aired on the February 4, February 11, and February 18 episodes of the syndicated television show ECW Hardcore TV.
Philadelphia, United States · Arts & culture · Checked 2026-09-23
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2000 — Dominican general election, 2000
General elections were held in Dominica on 31 January 2000 and saw the Dominica Labour Party led by Rosie Douglas take power defeating the previous government of the United Workers' Party led by Edison James, despite the UWP receiving more votes. The DLP won 10 seats, the UWP 9 seats and the Dominica Freedom Party took 2 seats. Voter turnout was 59.25%. The Dominica Labour Party formed a government in coalition with the Dominica Freedom Party. Voter turnout was 60.2%, the lowest since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951.
Dominica · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2000 — Alaska Airlines Flight 261
Alaska Airlines Flight 261 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico, to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport near Seattle, Washington, United States, with an intermediate stop at San Francisco International Airport in San Francisco, California. On January 31, 2000, the McDonnell Douglas MD-83 operating the flight crashed into the Pacific Ocean roughly 2.7 miles (4.3 km; 2.3 nmi) north of Anacapa Island, California, following a catastrophic loss of pitch control, while attempting to divert to Los Angeles International Airport.
California, United States · Disasters · Checked 2026-09-23
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2003 — Waterfall rail accident
The Waterfall rail accident was a train accident that occurred on 31 January 2003 near Waterfall, New South Wales, Australia. The train derailed, killing seven people aboard, including the train driver.
Australia · Disasters · Checked 2026-09-23
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2004 — UFC 46
UFC 46: Supernatural was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on January 31, 2004, at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. The event was broadcast live on pay-per-view in the United States, and later released on DVD.
Las Vegas, United States · Sport · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — Molo fire
An oil spill ignition occurred in Molo, Kenya, on January 31, 2009 and resulted in the deaths of at least 113 people and critical injuries to over 200 more. The incident occurred when an oil spill from an overturned truck burst into flames as onlookers attempted to obtain remnants of the spilled fuel for personal use. Rescuers suggested the cause to be static electricity, an accidentally-discarded cigarette, or an individual angered at a police blockade who sought vengeance. Police have described the carnage as Kenya's worst disaster in recent times, occurring in a country hit by frequent fuel shortages and just days after a supermarket fire killed 25.
Kenya · Disasters · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — Karbala governorate election, 2009
The Karbala governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk.
Iraq · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — Najaf governorate election, 2009
The Najaf governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk.
Iraq · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — Al Muthanna governorate election, 2009
The Al Muthanna governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk.
Iraq · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — Basra governorate election, 2009
The Basra governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk.
Iraq · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — Wasit governorate election, 2009
The Wasit governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk.
Iraq · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — Dhi Qar governorate election, 2009
The Dhi Qar governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk.
Iraq · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — Diyala governorate election, 2009
The Diyala governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk.
Iraq · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — Maysan governorate election, 2009
The Maysan governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk.
Iraq · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — Al-Qādisiyyah governorate election, 2009
The Al-Qādisiyyah governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk.
Iraq · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — Iraqi governorate elections, 2009
Governorate or provincial elections were held in Iraq on 31 January 2009, to replace the local councils in fourteen of the eighteen governorates of Iraq that were elected in the Iraqi governorate elections of 2005. 14,431 candidates - including 3,912 women - contested 440 seats. The candidates came from over 400 parties - 75% of which were newly formed.
Iraq · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — Al Anbar governorate election, 2009
The Al Anbar Governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk.
Iraq · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — Baghdad governorate election, 2009
The Baghdad governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk.
Iraq · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — Babil governorate election, 2009
The Babil governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk.
Iraq · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — UFC 94
UFC 94: St-Pierre vs. Penn 2 was a mixed martial arts (MMA) pay-per-view event promoted by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) on January 31, 2009. The card featured five televised MMA bouts, as well as five un-aired preliminary bouts. It was the second UFC event of 2009 and took place on the weekend of Super Bowl XLIII.
Las Vegas, United States · Sport · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — 2009 Nineveh governorate election
The Nineveh Governorate election of 2009 was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk Governorate.
Iraq · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — 2009 Saladin governorate election
The Saladin governorate election of 2009, was held on 31 January 2009 alongside elections for all other governorates outside Iraqi Kurdistan and Kirkuk Governorate.
Iraq · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2009 — Caged Collision
Caged Collision was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by Ring of Honor (ROH). It took place on January 31, 2009, at the Frontier Fieldhouse in Chicago Ridge, Illinois, and aired on pay-per-view on April 17, 2009. Nine matches took place the event's card, with seven that aired on the broadcast.
Illinois, United States · Chicago, United States · Arts & culture · Checked 2026-09-24
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2010 — Royal Rumble (2010)
Royal Rumble (2010) was the twenty-third annual Royal Rumble professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on January 31, 2010 at the Philips Arena in Atlanta, Georgia and featured talent from the Raw, SmackDown and ECW brands. As has been customary since 1993, the Royal Rumble match winner received a match at that year's WrestleMania, (in this instance: WrestleMania XXVI) for his choice at either the WWE Championship, the World Heavyweight Championship, or the ECW Championship. Six professional wrestling matches were featured on the event's supercard, a scheduling of more than one main event.
Atlanta, United States · Georgia, United States · Arts & culture · Checked 2026-09-23
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2010 — 2010 Africa Cup of Nations final
The 2010 Africa Cup of Nations final was a football match that took place on 31 January 2010 at the Estádio 11 de Novembro in Luanda, Angola, to determine the winner of the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations, the football championship of Africa organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). It was contested by Ghana and Egypt. Egypt won the title for the seventh time by beating Ghana 1–0.
Angola · Sport · Checked 2026-09-23
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2012 — Oregon's 1st congressional district special election, 2012
A 2012 special election in Oregon's 1st congressional district was held on January 31, 2012 to fill a seat in the U.S. Congress for Oregon's 1st congressional district, following the resignation of Representative David Wu. Primary elections were held on November 8, 2011, with the Democrats selecting state senator Suzanne Bonamici and the Republicans selecting businessman Rob Cornilles. Bonamici was declared the winner almost as soon as the ballot deadline expired at 8 pm PST. She carried every county in the district except Yamhill County, which Cornilles won by a seven-point margin.
Oregon, United States · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2012 — Likud leadership election, 2012
An election for the leadership of Likud was held on 31 January 2012.
Israel · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2012 — 2012 Fort Lauderdale mayoral election
The 2012 Fort Lauderdale mayoral election took place on January 31, 2012. Incumbent Mayor Jack Seiler ran for re-election to a second term, and was challenged by Earl Rynerson, the owner of a tile company who lost to Seiler in 2009. Rynerson recruited a third candidate, construction worker Gabriel Crimi, which rescheduled the election from March 13, 2012, to the date of the Republican presidential primary.
Florida, United States · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2013 — 2013 Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives election
The 2013 election of the Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives occurred on 31 January 2013, following the retirement of the previous Speaker Lockwood Smith. The election resulted in the election of National Party MP David Carter.
New Zealand · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2015 — UFC 183
UFC 183: Silva vs. Diaz was a mixed martial arts event held on January 31, 2015 at MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Las Vegas Valley, United States · Nevada, United States · Sport · Checked 2026-09-23
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2015 — 2015 AFC Asian Cup final
The 2015 AFC Asian Cup final was a football match which took place on 31 January 2015 at Stadium Australia in Sydney, Australia, to determine the winner of the 2015 AFC Asian Cup. It was played between South Korea and the hosts Australia. Australia won the match 2–1 in extra time and qualified for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia.
Australia · Sport · Checked 2026-09-23
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2016 — El Protector (2016)
El Protector (2016) was an annual professional wrestling major event produced by Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), which took place on January 31, 2016 in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, Mexico. The 2016 El Protector was the fifth annual event produced under that name and the third to be held in January. The focal point of the show was the El Protector tag team tournament where eight teams composed of a "rookie" and a "vet" team up to compete for a trophy. The 2016 El Protector was won by Herodes Jr. and Atomic Star.
Naucalpan, Mexico · Arts & culture · Checked 2026-09-23
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2016 — 2016 W-League grand final
The 2016 W-League grand final was the final match of the 2015–16 W-League season and decided the champions of women's football in Australia for the season. The match took place at AAMI Park in Melbourne, Australia on 31 January 2016 and was played between league premiers Melbourne City and two-time premiers of the league Sydney FC.
Australia · Sport · Checked 2026-09-23
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2019 — 2019 Ayawaso West by-election
The Ayawaso West by-election took place on 31 January 2019 after the death of the incumbent MP Emmanuel Kyeremateng Agyarko on 21 November 2018. Lydia Alhassan of the New Patriotic Party was elected with 69% of the vote.
Ghana · Politics & society · Checked 2026-09-23
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2019 — Guerra de Dinastías
The Guerra de Dinastías (literally "War of the Dynasties", or "War of the Families") show is a major lucha libre supercard show produced and scripted by Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG). The show was sanctioned by Promotores Asociados de Lucha Libre ("Wrestling Promoters Association"; PALL) and took place on January 31, 2019, in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, Mexico.
State of Mexico, Mexico · Naucalpan, Mexico · Arts & culture · Checked 2026-09-24
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2025 — Med Jets Flight 056
Med Jets Flight 056 was a medevac flight from Northeast Philadelphia Airport to Tijuana International Airport with a planned refueling stop at Springfield–Branson National Airport, operated by Jet Rescue Air Ambulance. On January 31, 2025, a Learjet 55 operating that flight crashed in the Castor Gardens neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, shortly after takeoff, killing everyone on board and two people on the ground.
Pennsylvania, United States · Disasters · Checked 2026-09-23
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2026 — Royal Rumble (2026)
The 2026 Royal Rumble, also promoted as Royal Rumble: Riyadh (Arabic: رويال رامبل, romanized: ruyal rambil), was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by the American company WWE. It was the 39th annual Royal Rumble and took place on January 31, 2026, at Riyadh Season Stadium, a purpose-built temporary outdoor stadium in the King Abdullah Financial District in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, as part of the 2025–2026 Riyadh Season.
Saudi Arabia · Arts & culture · Checked 2026-09-23
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